2023학년도 수능특강 유형편 함축적의미 본문 지문 3강 mp3

2023 ebs 수능특강 3강.mp3
11.28MB
Listen to the Sentences:

1.    Scientists have no special purchase on moral or ethical decisions; a climate scientist is no more qualified to comment on health care reform than a physicist is to judge the causes of bee colony collapse.

과학자들이 도덕적 혹은 윤리적 결정에 대해 특별히 유리하지는 않다. , 기후 과학자가 의료 개혁에 대해 견해를 밝힐 자격이 것은 물리학자가 꿀벌 군집의 붕괴 원인을 판단할 자격이 없는 것과 같다.

 

2.     The very features that create expertise in a specialized domain lead to ignorance in many others.

특화된 영역에서 전문 지식을 만들어 내는 바로 그 특징이 많은 다른 특화된 영역에서는 무지로 이어진다.

 

 

3.     In some cases lay people


    farmers, fishermen, patients, native peoples


    may have relevant

 

experiences that scientists can learn from.

어떤 경우에는, 비전문가들, 농부, 어부, 환자, 원주민들이, 과학자들에게 배움의 원천이 있는 관련 경험을 가지고 있을 지도 모른다.

 

4.      Indeed, in recent years, scientists have begun to recognize this: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment includes observations gathered from local native groups.

실제로, 최근에 과학자들은 점을 인식하기 시작했는데, 북극 기후 영향 평가는 지역 토착 집단에게서 수집된 관찰을 포함한다.

 

5.     So our trust needs to be limited, and focused.

그러므로 우리의 신뢰는 제한되고 집중적일 필요가 있다.

 

6.     It needs to be very particular.

신뢰는 매우 까다로워야한다.

 

7.     Blind trust will get us into at least as much trouble as no trust at all.

맹목적 신뢰는 적어도 신뢰가 전혀 없는 것만큼이나 우리를 문제에 봉착하게 것이다.

 

8.     But without some degree of trust in our designated experts the men and women who have devoted their lives to sorting out tough questions about the natural world we live in we are paralyzed, in effect

not knowing whether to make ready for the morning commute or not.

하지만 우리가 전문가라고 부르는 사람들, 우리가 사는 자연 세계에 관한 어려운 질문들을 해결하는 생애를 바친 남녀들에 대한 어느 정도의 신뢰가 없으면, 우리는 마비되어, 사실상 아침 통근 준비를 해야 할지 말아야 할지를 알지 못하게 것이다.

 

 

 

1.    Remember that saying, “Hard work beats talent when talent doesn’'t work hard?” 재능이 열심히 노력하지 않을 때는, 노력이 재능을 이긴다.”라는 말을 기억하는가?

 

2.     Regardless of talent level, if you work hard, you'll be a better musician.

재능의 수준과 상관없이, 열심히 노력하면, 여러분은 더 나은 음악가가 될 것이다.

 

3.     But working hard is not enough.

하지만 열심히 노력하는 것만으로는 충분하지 않다.

 

4.      My friend Charlie told me about his coworker, Tom, who worked extra hours each week, starting early and staying long after everyone else had left.

친구 Charlie 내게 자신의 동료인 Tom 관해 말해 주었는데, 그는 일찍 일을 시작해서 다른 모든 이들이 퇴근한 이후 랫동안 머물며 매주 시간 근무를 했다.

 

5.     A dedicated and industrious employee,” you might think. Maybe not. 헌신적이고 근면한 직원이라고 여러분은 생각할지도 모른다. 아마 아닐 것이다.

 

6.     Those extra hours Tom put in did nothing to increase his productivity because he went from one project to the next, never setting priorities or deadlines.

Tom 투입한 추가 근무 시간은 그의 생산성을 높이는 아무 도움이 되지 않았는데, 왜냐하면 그는 결코 우선순위나 마감 간을 정하지 않고, 이리저리 과업을 옮겨 다녔기 때문이다.

 

7.     Without concentrating his efforts on the important tasks, he often never completed them.

중요한 과업에 노력을 집중하지 않은 채, 그것을 완수하지 못할 때가 많았다.

 

8.     He was busy doing too many things and in the wrong order.

그는 너무 많은 일을, 그것도 잘못된 순서로 하느라 바빴다.

 

9.     Charlie left the office each night, thinking, “Theres Tom, working long and long instead of long and hard.” Goals direct your hard work.

Charlie 매일 사무실을 나서며 “‘오래 그리고 열심히 일하는 것이 아니라, 오래 그리고 오래 일하는 Tom 있네.”라고 생각했다. 목표는 여러분의 노력이 가야할 길을 안내한다.

 

 

1.    For people of any age, the world is becoming increasingly linear

figurative rather than mathematical sense.


a word I'm using in its

 

어떤 연령대의 사람에게든, 세계가 점점 선형화되어 가고 있는데, 그것(linear) 내가 수학적인 의미라기보다는 비유적인 의미로 사용하고 있는 단어이다.

 

2.     Nonlinear thinkers, including many artists, are feeling more marginalized as a result.

많은 예술가를 포함하여 비선형적으로 생각하는 사람들은 그 결과 사회에서 더 소외감을 느끼고 있다.

 

3.     As a society, it seems we take less time for art.

하나의 사회로서, 우리는 예술을 위한 시간을 덜 가지는 것 같다.

 

4.      In doing so, we may be missing out on something that is deeply valuable and important from a neurobiological standpoint.

그렇게 하면서, 우리는 신경생물학적 관점에서 매우 가치 있고 중요한 어떤 것을 놓치고 있는지도 모른다.

 

5.     Artists recontextualize reality and offer visions that were previously invisible.

예술가는 현실을 새로운 맥락에 적용하여 이전에는 보이지 않았던 미래상을 제공한다.

 

6.     Creativity engages the brain's daydreaming mode directly and stimulates the free flow and association of ideas, forging links between concepts and neural nodes that might not otherwise be made.

창의성은 뇌의 공상 방식을 직접적으로 사용하고 아이디어의 자유로운 흐름과 연상을 자극하여, 그렇지 않으면 만들어지지 않을 지도 모르는, 개념과 신경 교점 사이의 연결을 형성한다.

 

7.     In this way, engagement in art as either a creator or consumer helps us by hitting the reset button in our brains.

이런 식으로, 창작자로든 아니면 소비자로든 예술에 참여하는 것은 우리 두뇌의 리셋 버튼을 눌러 우리를 돕는다.

 

8.     Time stops. We contemplate. We reimagine our relationship to the world.

시간은 멈춘다. 우리는 심사숙고한다. 우리는 세상과 맺는 우리의 관계를 재해석한다.

 

9.     Being creative means allowing the nonlinear to intrude on the linear, and to exercise some control over the output.

창의적이라는 것은 비선형적인 생각이 선형적인 생각에 개입하여 산출물에 어느 정도의 통제력을 발휘할 있도록 하는 것을 의미한다.

*forge 형성하다 **contemplate 심사숙고하다 ***intrude 개입하다

 

 

1.    Having expropriated resources from the natural world in order to fuel a rather temporary period of materialistic freedom, we must now restore no small measure of those resources and accept the limits

and discipline inherent in that relationship.

다소 일시적인 기간에 걸친 물질적 자유를 증가시키기 위해 자연계로부터 자원을 무단으로 사용해 왔으므로, 우리는 이제 그러한 자원의 적지 않은 양을 회복시키고 관계에 내재한 제한과 규율을 받아들여야 한다.

 

2.     Until business does this, it will continue to be maladaptive and predatory.

기업은 이렇게 할 때까지 계속해서 적응하지 못하고 약탈을 할 것이다.

 

3.     In order for free-market capitalism to transform itself in the century to come, it must fully acknowledge that the brilliant monuments of its triumph cast the darkest of shadows.

다가올 세기에 스스로 바뀌기 위해, 자유 시장 자본주의는 자신의 승리의 훌륭한 기념탑이 가장 어두운 그림자를 드리운다는 전적으로 인정해야 한다.

 

4.      Whatever possibilities business once represented, whatever dreams and glories corporate success once offered, the time has come to acknowledge that business as we know it is over.

기업이 한때 어떤 가능성을 보여 주었더라도, 한때 기업의 성공이 어떤 꿈과 영광을 제안했더라도, 우리가 알고 있는 기업은 끝났 다는 것을 인정할 때가 왔다.

 

5.     Over because it failed in one critical and thoughtless way: it did not honour the various forms of life that secure and connect its own breath and skin and heart to the breath and skin and heart of our earth.

기업이 끝난 것은 위태롭고 무분별한 방식으로 실패했기 때문이다. , 기업은 자신의 호흡과 피부와 심장을 우리 지구의 호흡과 피부와 심장에 단단히 묶어서 연결하는 다양한 형태의 생물체를 존중하지 않았던 것이다.

*expropriate 무단 사용하다

 

 

1.    The philosopher as athlete of the mind that is Nietzsches great insight into the debates we see in Platos dialogues between Socrates and all the pretenders to wisdom in Athens he questions, shames, and

defeats in argument.

생각을 겨루는 선수로서의 철학자, 그것은 플라톤의 대화편에서 우리가 보게 되는, 소크라테스와 그가 논쟁에서 질문하고 망신 시키며 물리치는 아테네의 모든 현학자들 간의 토론에 대한 니체의 위대한 통찰력이다.

 

2.     Thus to understand ancient Greek philosophy, it helps to look at the Olympics, and to understand the Olympics, it helps to look at ancient Greek philosophy.

그러므로 고대 그리스 철학을 이해하기 위해서는 올림픽을 보는 것이 도움이 되고, 올림픽을 이해하기 위해서는 고대 그리스 학을 보는 것이 도움이 된다.

 

3.     Wherever we turn in the Hellenic world, we see Greek pitted against Greek in the kind of competition epitomized by the Olympics.

그리스 사회에서 어디로 눈을 돌리든 우리는 올림픽이 전형적으로 보여 주는 그러한 (형태의) 경쟁에서 그리스인들이 그리스인 들에 대항해서 겨루는 것을 보게 된다.

 

4.      The Greek dream is to be the best, to be the first, to be the last man standing.

그리스인의 꿈은 최고가 되는 것, 첫 번째가 되는 것, 마지막까지 버티는 사람이 되는 것이다.

 

5.     The same competitive spirit that reveals itself on the race course and in the boxing arena comes out in Platos dialogues (Socrates is literally the last man standing at the end of the all-night drinking contest in

the Symposium).

경주로와 복싱 경기장에서 드러나는 것과 동일한 경쟁 정신이 플라톤의 대화편에 나온다(Symposium에서 소크라테스는 그야 말로 밤샘 마시기 대회에서 끝까지 버틴 사람이다).

 

6.     Socrates using his mental strength and agility to triumph over his opponents is the distant descendant of the                 very                  physical                  heroes                  of                  Homer's                 Iliad. 상대방을 이기기 위해 자신의 정신력과 명민함을 이용한 소크라테스는 호머의 Iliad 나오는 바로 신체적 영웅의 후손이다.

 

7.     In Nietzsche's understanding, Plato's dialogues are the Olympics of philosophy.

니체가 이해하기로는, 플라톤의 대화편은 철학의 올림픽인 것이다.

*pit 겨루게 하다 **epitomize 전형적으로 보여 주다 ***agility 명민함, 민첩

 

 

1.    Luxury ownership signals wealth, but ironically it is often the very wealthy who prefer to look cheap. 명품 소유는 부를 나타내지만, 아이러니하게도, (옷차림새가) 값싸게 보이기를 선호하는 사람들은 바로 매우 부유한 사람들인 경우가 흔하다.

 

2.     Countersignalling is when you go out of your way to show that you do not need to go out of your way.

반대 신호 보내기는 여러분이 애써 노력할 필요가 없다는 것을 보여 주기 위해 애써 노력하는 경우이다.

 

3.     It has become almost a point of honour in Silicon Valley not to wear expensive clothes or suits, but rather jeans and trainers, which signals that you are more interested in tech than status.

비싼 옷이나 정장을 입는 것이 아니라 청바지를 입고 운동화를 신는 것이 실리콘 밸리에서는 거의 명예에 관한 문제가 되었는데, 그것은 여러분이 지위보다 과학 기술에 관심이 많다는 것을 나타낸다.

 

4.      This style has been undoubtedly influenced by a social media company executive with his famous hoodie and casual wear.

이런 스타일은 의심할 여지없이 자신의 유명한 후드 티와 평상복을 걸치는 한 소셜 미디어 회사 경영 간부의 영향을 받았다.

 

5.     Francesca Gino, a professor at Harvard Business School, has shown that countersignalling by wearing atypical clothing leads to higher regard in the right context.

Harvard Business School 교수인 Francesca Gino 이례적인 의류를 입음으로써 반대 신호를 보내는 것이 제대로 상황에서 높은 호감을 이끌어 낸다는 것을 보여 주었다.

 

6.     In one study, she asked the shop assistants working in high-end designer stores to rate two shoppers, one in gym clothes and the other in a dress and fur.

연구에서, 그녀는 최고급 디자이너 상점에서 일하는 점원들에게 명의 쇼핑객을 평가해 달라고 부탁했는데, 명의 쇼핑객 운동복을 입었고, 다른 명은 원피스에 모피를 입고 있었다.

 

7.     The assistants were far more likely than the general public to think the gym-clothes wearing shopper would spend more and be in a position to buy the most expensive items in the boutique.

점원들이, 운동복을 입고 있는 쇼핑객이 많은 돈을 쓰고 부티크에서 가장 비싼 물품을 사는 위치에 있을 것이라고 생각할 가능성이 일반 대중들보다 훨씬 높았다.

 

8.     They had learned from experience how the rich often countersignal.

그들은 경험으로부터, 부자들이 어떻게 흔히 반대 신호를 보내는지를 배웠던 것이다.

 

 

1.    Relativity, as noted by the economist Robert H. Frank, is one of the fundamental principles in human economic behaviour.

경제학자 Robert H. Frank가 말한 것처럼 상대성은 인간의 경제 행동의 기본 원칙 중 하나이다.

 

 

2.     In his book Choosing the Right Pond, he makes the point that our economic decisions are guided by status, which is really a relativity issue.

그는 자신의 저서 Choosing the Right Pond에서 우리의 경제적 결정은 상황에 의해 좌우된다고 주장하는데, 상황은 정말 대성의 문제이다.

 

 

3.     It explains why people would prefer to earn just $50,000 if their colleagues earned $25,000 rather than earn $100,000 if colleagues earned $250,000.

그것은 사람들이 동료가 25 달러를 버는 경우에 10 달러를 버는 것보다는 자신의 동료가 25 달러를 버는 경우에 5 달러를 버는 것을 선호할 것인지를 설명한다.

 

4.      We would prefer to have less so long as it is more than everyone else.

더 적은 것이 다른 모든 사람들이 가지는 것보다 더 많기만 하다면, 우리는 더 적게 가지는 것을 선호할 것이다.

 

5.     We measure our success relative to others. One of the most surprising examples of this comes from an analysis of emotional reactions to winning Olympic medals.

우리는 다른 사람들과 비교해서 우리의 성공을 측정한다. 이것의 가장 놀라운 사례 하나는 올림픽 메달을 따는 것에 대한 감정 반응의 분석에서 나온다.

 

 

6.     To even reach the Olympic Games should be considered an extraordinary achievement, and yet analysis has revealed that Olympians can sometimes experience disappointment even when they win a silver

medal.

올림픽 대회에 나가는 것만도 특별한 성취로 여겨져야 하는데도 불구하고, 분석을 통해 올림픽 경기 선수들이 은메달을 따는 우에도 때로 실망을 경험할 있다는 것이 밝혀졌다.

 

7.     The reason that the silver medallists are not happy is because they are comparing themselves to the winners.

은메달을 딴 선수들이 행복하지 않은 이유는, 그들이 자신을 우승자들과 비교하고 있기 때문이다.

 

8.     In contrast, the bronze medallists compare themselves to all the other competitors who did not get a medal, so they perceive themselves better off and happier.

그와 대조적으로, 동메달을 선수들은 자신을 메달을 따지 못한 다른 모든 경쟁자들과 비교하기 때문에, 그들은 자신의 상황이 낫고 행복하다고 여긴다.

 

 

9.     Relativity is how we judge our sense of achievement. It is better to be a big fish in a small pond than a big fish in a bigger pond.

상대성은 우리가 우리의 성취감을 판단하는 방식이다. 연못의 물고기보다 작은 연못의 물고기가 되는 것이 낫다.

 

1.    Is it any wonder we love automation? By offering to reduce the amount of work we have to do, by promising to fill our lives with greater ease, comfort, and convenience, computers and other labor-saving

technologies appeal to our eager but misguided desire for release from what we perceive as toil.

우리가 자동화를 매우 좋아하는 것이 놀랍기나 한가? 컴퓨터와 여타의 노동 절감 기술은 우리가 해야 일의 양을 줄여주겠다고 함으로써, 그리고 우리의 삶을 편의성, 편안함, 편리함으로 가득 채워 주겠다고 약속함으로써, 우리가 노고라고 인식하는 것에서 해방되기를 바라는 우리의 열렬하지만 미혹된 갈망에 호소한다.

 

2.     In the workplace, automation's focus on enhancing speed and efficiency a focus determined by the profit motive rather than by any particular concern for people's well-being often has the effect of

removing complexity from jobs, diminishing the challenge they present and hence the engagement they promote.

직장에서, 속도와 효율성의 향상에 대한 자동화의 강조, 사람의 행복에 대한 어떤 특별한 관심에 의해서라기보다는 수익

기에 의해서 결정되는 강조는 흔히 일에서 복잡성을 제거하는 효과가 있어서, 일이 나타내는 어려움을 감소시키고, 그로 인해 일이 촉진하는 참여를 감소시킨다.

 

3.     Automation can narrow people's responsibilities to the point that their jobs consist largely of monitoring a computer screen or entering data into prescribed fields.

자동화는 사람들의 직무가 주로 컴퓨터 화면을 감시하거나 규정된 필드에 데이터를 입력하는 것으로 구성되는 정도로 사람들의 책임을 제한할 있다.

 

4.      Even highly trained analysts are seeing their work restricted by decision-support systems that turn the making of judgments into a data-processing routine.

고도로 훈련된 분석가들조차도 판단을 내리는 일을 데이터를 처리하는 정례적인 일로 전환하는 의사 결정 지원 시스템에 의해 자신의 일이 한정되는 것을 목도하고 있다.

 

5.     The apps and other programs we use in our private lives have similar effects.

우리가 개인 생활에서 사용하는 앱과 여타의 프로그램들도 비슷한 효과를 가진다.

 

6.     By taking over difficult or time-consuming tasks, the software makes it even less likely that we'll engage in efforts that test our skills and give us a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction.

소프트웨어는 어렵거나 시간이 걸리는 과업을 떠맡음으로써, 우리가 우리의 기술을 시험하고 우리에게 성취감과 만족감을 주는 노력을 기울일 가능성을 훨씬 낮춘다.

 

 

7.     All too often, automation frees us from what makes us feel free.

너무나 흔히, 자동화는 우리로 하여금 자유로움을 느끼게 하는 것에서 우리를 벗어나게 한다.

 

*toil 노고

 

1.    In general, searching online for health information can be valid, eye-opening, educational, and even

useful. While many doctors roll their eyes when they hear, “I did my research,” from a patient, sometimes that research can be sound.

일반적으로, 건강 정보를 온라인으로 찾는 것은 타당하고, 놀랍고, 교육적이고, 심지어는 유용할 수도 있다. 많은 의사들이 환자 로부터 제가 조사를 봤는데요.”라는 말을 들으면 못마땅해하지만, 때때로 조사는 괜찮은 것일 있다.

 

2.     If a patient has a rare disease and presents articles about it, many of us will be grateful that we were saved some extra work.

환자가 희귀병을 앓고 있는데 이에 관한 자료를 (우리에게) 제시해 주면, 우리중 많은 이들은 추가적인 일을 덜게 것에 대해 고마워할 것이다.

 

3.     But the Web becomes entangled when sites angled with opinions, personal anecdotes, exaggeration, and false claims manipulate the navigator to believe what is posted.

하지만 의견, 개인적 일화, 과장, 허위 주장으로 왜곡된 사이트들이 정보 검색자가 게시된 것을 믿도록 조종하면, 웹은 뒤얽히게 된다.

 

4.      People also run into trouble when looking for information online based on preconceived notions.

사람들은 또한 사전에 형성된 개념[선입관]에 근거하여 온라인에서 정보를 찾으면 문제에 부닥치게 된다.

 

5.     Here comes the Curse of the Original Belief.

여기에서 원래 가지고 있던 믿음의 저주가 생기게 된다.

 

6.     If you believe that megadosing on vitamin C will prevent colds, you will seek out (and easily find) sites promoting this notion. If you think that juice cleanses are the way to better health and well-being, it's

easy to find websites supporting this.

만약 여러분이 비타민 C 대량 투여하는 것이 감기를 막아 것이라고 믿으면, 이러한 생각을 촉진하는 사이트를 찾을 (그리고 쉽게 찾아낼) 것이다. 만약 여러분이 해독 주스가 나은 건강과 웰빙을 위한 방법이라고 생각한다면, 이를 뒷받침해 주는 이트를 찾기 쉽다.

 

7.     If delaying vaccines is your cup of tea, online sources abound.

백신을 늦추는 것이 선호하는 일이라면, 온라인 정보원은 넘쳐난다.

 

8.     If youre debating whether to eat only organic food, plenty of available information will support this.

만약 여러분이 오로지 유기농 음식만 먹어야 할지에 대해 숙고 중이라면 이용 가능한 많은 정보가 이를 뒷받침해 줄 것이다.

*entangle 뒤얽히게 하다 **angle 왜곡하다 ***juice cleanse 해독 주스

 

3-G

Scientists have no special purchase on moral or ethical decisions; a climate scientist is no more qualified to comment on health care reform than a physicist is to judge the causes of bee colony collapse. The very features that create expertise in a specialized domain lead to ignorance in many others. In some cases lay people farmers, fishermen, patients, native peoples may have relevant experiences that scientists can learn from. Indeed, in recent years, scientists have begun to recognize this: the Arctic Climate Impact Assessment includes observations gathered from local native groups. So our trust needs to be limited, and focused. It needs to be very particular. Blind trust will get us into at least as much trouble as no trust at all. But without some degree of trust in our designated experts the men and women who have devoted their lives to sorting out tough questions about the natural world we live in we are paralyzed, in effect not knowing whether to make ready for the morning commute or not.

3-1

Remember that saying, "Hard work beats talent when talent doesn't work hard?" Regardless of talent level, if you work hard, you'll be a better musician. But working hard is not enough. My friend Charlie told me about his coworker, Tom, who worked extra hours each week, starting early and staying long after everyone else had left. "A dedicated and industrious employee," you might think. Maybe not. Those extra hours Tom put in did nothing to increase his productivity because he went from one project to the next, never setting priorities or deadlines. Without concentrating his efforts on the important tasks, he often never completed them. He was busy doing too many things and in the wrong order. Charlie left the office each night, thinking, "There's Tom, working long and long instead of long and hard." Goals direct your hard work.

3-2

For people of any age, the world is becoming increasingly linear - a word I'm using in its figurative rather than mathematical sense. Nonlinear thinkers, including many artists, are feeling more marginalized as a result. As a society, it seems we take less time for art. In doing so, we may be missing out on something that is deeply valuable and important from a neurobiological standpoint. Artists recontextualize reality and offer visions that were previously invisible. Creativity engages the brain's daydreaming mode directly and stimulates the free flow and association of ideas, forging links between concepts and neural nodes that might not otherwise be made. In this way, engagement in art as either a creator or consumer helps us by hitting the reset button in our brains. Time stops. We contemplate. We reimagine our relationship to the world. Being creative means allowing the nonlinear to intrude on the linear, and to exercise some control over the output.

3-3

Having expropriated resources from the natural world in order to fuel a rather temporary period of materialistic freedom, we must now restore no small measure of those resources and accept the limits and discipline inherent in that relationship. Until business does this, it will continue to be maladaptive and predatory. In order for free-market capitalism to transform itself in the century to come, it must fully acknowledge that the brilliant monuments of its triumph cast the darkest of shadows. Whatever possibilities business once represented, whatever dreams and glories corporate success once offered, the time has come to acknowledge that business as we know it is over. Over because it failed in one critical and thoughtless way: it did not honour the various forms of life that secure and connect its own breath and skin and heart to the breath and skin and heart of our earth.

3-4

The philosopher as athlete of the mind - that is Nietzsche's great insight into the debates we see in Plato's dialogues between Socrates and all the pretenders to wisdom in Athens he questions, shames, and defeats in argument. Thus to understand ancient Greek philosophy, it helps to look at the Olympics, and to understand the Olympics, it helps to look at ancient Greek philosophy. Wherever we turn in the Hellenic world, we see Greek pitted against Greek in the kind of competition epitomized by the Olympics. The Greek dream is to be the best, to be the first, to be the last man standing. The same competitive spirit that reveals itself on the race course and in the boxing arena comes out in Plato's dialogues (Socrates is literally the last man standing at the end of the all-night drinking contest in the Symposium). Socrates using his mental strength and agility to triumph over his opponents is the distant descendant of the very physical heroes of Homer's Iliad. In Nietzsche's understanding, Plato's dialogues are the Olympics of philosophy.

3-5

Luxury ownership signals wealth, but. ironically - it is often the very wealthy who prefer to look cheap. Countersignalling is when you go out of your way to show that you do not need to go out of your way. It has become almost a point of honour in Silicon Valley not to wear expensive clothes or suits, but rather jeans and trainers, which signals that you are more interested in tech than status. This style has been undoubtedly influenced by a social media company executive with his famous hoodie and casual wear. Francesca Gino, a professor at Harvard Business School, has shown that countersignalling by wearing atypical clothing leads to higher regard in the right context. In one study, she asked the shop assistants working in high-end designer stores to rate two shoppers, one in gym clothes and the other in a dress and fur. The assistants were far more likely than the general public to think the gym-clothes wearing shopper would spend more and be in a position to buy the most expensive items in the boutique. They had learned from experience how the rich often countersignal.

3-6

Relativity, as noted by the economist Robert H. Frank, is one of the fundamental principles in human economic behaviour. In his book Choosing the Right Pond, he makes the point that our economic decisions are guided by status, which is really a relativity issue. It explains why people would prefer to earn just $50,000 if their colleagues earned $25,000 rather than earn $100,000 if colleagues earned $250,000. We would prefer to have less so long as it is more than everyone else. We measure our success relative to others. One of the most surprising examples of this comes from an analysis of emotional reactions to winning Olympic medals. To even reach the Olympic Games should be considered an extraordinary achievement, and yet analysis has revealed that Olympians can sometimes experience disappointment even when they win a silver medal. The reason that the silver medallists are not happy is because they are comparing themselves to the winners. In contrast, the bronze medallists compare themselves to all the other competitors who did not get a medal, so they perceive themselves better off and happier. Relativity is how we judge our sense of achievement. It is better to be a big fish in a small pond than a big fish in a bigger pond.

3-7

Is it any wonder we love automation? By offering to reduce the amount of work we have to do, by promising to fill our lives with greater ease, comfort, and convenience, computers and other labor-saving technologies appeal to our eager but misguided desire for release from what we perceive as toil. In the workplace, automation's focus on enhancing speed and efficiency - a focus determined by the profit motive rather than by any particular concern for people's well-being - often has the effect of removing complexity from jobs, diminishing the challenge they present and hence the engagement they promote. Automation can narrow people's responsibilities to the point that their jobs consist largely of monitoring a computer screen or entering data into prescribed fields. Even highly trained analysts are seeing their work restricted by decision-support systems that turn the making of judgments into a data-processing routine. The apps and other programs we use in our private lives have similar effects. By taking over difficult or time-consuming tasks, the software makes it even less likely that we'll engage in efforts that test our skills and give us a sense of accomplishment and satisfaction. All too often, automation frees us from what makes us feel free.

3-8

In general, searching online for health information can be valid, eye-opening, educational, and even useful. While many doctors roll their eyes when they hear, "I did my research," from a patient, sometimes that research can be sound. If a patient has a rare disease and presents articles about it, many of us will be grateful that we were saved some extra work. But the Web becomes entangled when sites angled with opinions, personal anecdotes, exaggeration, and false claims manipulate the navigator to believe what is posted. People also run into trouble when looking for information online based on preconceived notions. Here comes the Curse of the Original Belief. If you believe that megadosing on vitamin C will prevent colds, you will seek out (and easily find) sites promoting this notion. If you think that juice cleanses are the way to better health and well-being, it's easy to find websites supporting this. If delaying vaccines is your cup of tea, online sources abound. If you're debating whether to eat only organic food, plenty of available information will support this.

 

Posted by 최 샘
,